Website of Pascal Bonenfant

I've updated the menu to make it a bit more friendly.

If it looks strange, you may need to clear the cache via your History.

What servants do I need in my Regency/Late Georgian household? Well, it all depends on your income.

A struggling widow on £100 pounds a year will have to make do with a single maidservant. Ideally, she should be young and cheap (around 5-10 guineas per year).

A family living respectably on £700 a year should have around five servants - a cook, two female servants, a footman and a groom. It may also me necessary to get in a part-time gardener to keep the weeds down.

At around £3500 a year, you will need at least 20 servants. For the very, very rich, the sky is the limit.

All this information is available in Samuel and Sarah Adams, The Complete Servant: Being A Practical Guide To The Peculiar Duties And Business Of All Descriptions Of Servants, published in 1825.

For your convenience, I have extracted this set of information < here > or from Resources/Life and Money/Household Servants on the menu.

From 1792, anyone who was anyone who had a London address appeared in Boyle's Court and Country Guide. It is essentially a street directory but gives wonderful insights as to who was living where.

Just for fun, I have taken the 1817 edition and put it into a searchable database.

Main page <here> and database search <here>. On the menu see Databases/Boyles.

In 1841, Benson Earle Hill (1795-1845), an artillery officer, writer and epicure, published The Epicure's Almanac. The Almanac consists of a daily recipe or culinary hint for each day of the year.

While the book was published just outside our Georgian period, the insights would have been spread across the earlier decades and are valuable as such.

As is my wont, I have divided and tabulated the book to make it more accessible to the reader. Recipes are available as individual pages (one per entry) or selectable on a single page.

Access it via the Resources/Life and Money on the menu or click <here>.

For anyone interested in late 18th/early 19th century dancing in polite British society, go no further than <regencydances.org>. I stumbled across this bunch of inspired enthusiasts while looking for information about dancing masters. They have so much more than this: dance steps, dance music, costumes and an ecletic series of research papers on various aspects of the dancing scene in the late Georgian period.

Thoroughly recommended.

Fun little utility: <National Archives Currency Converter>

This page lets you convert historical £ s d into current values and shows purchasing power it terms of a few basic goods. Not very detailed and necessarily not completely accurate (prices varied depending on where you were as well as when) but worth a visit.

I discovered recently that the good people of Williamsburg, Virginia, have produced a series of booklets on craftsmen operating there during the 18th Century and have generously made them publicly available on Project Gutenberg.

While this site is about Georgian Britain, the technologies in the Old World and the New would have been much the same so I have used them here.

The booklets vary in level of detail but I have extracted some interesting bits onto individual pages and provided links to the Gutenberg copies. I encourage people to look at those because they contain a lot of additional information.

You can find the pages <here> or under Resources/People and Business/Crafts in the main menu.

You may have noticed problems with the database searches wherein they never returned any data. This was due to our hosting service updating PHP, which broke some of my old code. This has now been fixed.

I also fixed the contact form which doesn't seem to have been working for some time.

One of the less reputable trades in the Georgian period was Resurrectionists - body-snatchers.

A large and growing interest in anatomy led to the opening of many 'Medical Schools' holding pay-to-view anatomy lessons. The popularity became such that the supply of available bodies was totally inadequate.

In a good capitalist society, no moneymaking niche goes unfilled so an illicit trade in dead bodies sprang up. A good quality adult corpse could be sold for the princely sum of 4 guineas. When you consider that the menial labourer would only earn this much in a year, the attraction becomes obvious.

By a stroke of good fortune, we have a diary kept by one of these gentlemen - one Joseph Naples. Although terse in style it provides some fascinating insights into this most dubious of professions.

You can find it here or under Resources/People and Business in the main menu.

In 1743, Eliza Haywood published handy little volume called A Present for a servant-maid: or, the sure means of gaining love and esteem. as a guide for servants because, as always, it was terribly hard to get good domestic help.

There is a lot of sanctimonious verbiage about how a servant should attempt serve with humility and so forth but it also contains some material of great interest to what we might call practical historians - people such as historical novelists who need the minutiae of life.

• Going to Market tells the servant maid what to watch out for when buying food. For example: The Butchers about London have so many Arts in blowing up their Veal, and keeping it in wet Cloths, that you cannot be too careful in examining the Scent, for what looks beautiful to the Eye may prove musty. Useful advice.
• Preparing Food tells the servant maid how to prepare food - good practical advice on how to cook a particular type of meat and what type of sauce is appropriate. Also, how to make pies, puddings and pancakes.
• Washing Linen tells the servant maid how to wash linen including how to get stains out, what sort of soap to use and how you should let the water stand for 3 to 4 days before using it.

I found the whole thing fascinating. I hope you do too.

We tend not to think of Britain as one of the shaky islands but in fact we do get earthquakes every few years. Mostly they are minor and they are never catastrophic but sometimes they can cause a bit of a stir.

The most famous event in the 18th century was the dual earthquake of 1750 on 8th February and the 8th of March respectively. A deluded guardsman predicted that, in another precisely 4 weeks (5th April) there would be a third event. Many of the more excitable citizens of the city made sure they were in the country on the day but there were no more earthquake events.

For a (more or less) complete list of earthquakes between 1700 and 1849, check out the new earthquakes page, here.

I decided in was time for a major update to the look-and-feel of the site. The small-font menu down the left was getting out of hand so I have got rid of it and replaced it with a more traditional drop-down version.

As a way of making some of the obscure pages accessible, I have started a 'random page' box which will appear at the top of each page. I am finding pages that even I didn't know about!

At the moment, this random page only includes rogues in the Newgate Calendar but I am in the process of expanding it and eventually it will include the entire site.

Note: if you are seeing some odd things with these little yellow boxes you will need to close the browser window and open a new one. Maybe even clear your cache. Otherwise some browsers don't cope all that well with the change.

Following on from my previous entry on the Weather, I have started a new section on the Natural World as it relates to the Georgian period. There is a new page on Phases of the Moon from 1700 to 1849 which may be of some use to those writing about the period.

As far as I can tell, all the pages on the site have made the transition to the new format successfully but there are too many for me to check them individually. Please let me know if spot anything odd.

There is something about the British weather that makes you want to talk about it. But if you are talking about the Georgian period this can be tricky. Fear not, help is at hand.

Martin Rowley has collated an enormous amount of historical weather data over at http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/histclimat.htm. With his kind permission, I have reproduced the data from 1700 to 1849 on this site.

In mid-November of 1748 a remark about the severity of the frost will not be astray. In the summer of 1765 a comment on the unnaturally dry weather and the parlous state of the crops will be more appropriate. Lots of fun and very useful to the historian.

Have a look here »

Harris's List of Covent-Garden Ladies was published annually between the years 1757 and 1795 as a directory for gentlemen seeking the services of ladies of negotiable virtue in and around the Covent Garden area. 'Harris' refers not to the author but probably refers to Jack Harris - a notable Covent Garden pimp. The author is listed psuedonymously as H. Ranger but the real writers are uncertain and varied over time. At its peak, it sold around 8,000 copies per year.

The 1788 volume, the text of which I am using here, lists the names and addresses of 93 ladies along with descriptions, the price you might be expected to pay and some descriptive poetic verse of variable quality. I have, as is my wont, split them into separate files.

By turns funny, tragic and downright bitchy, it provides some fascinating insights into the fair ladies practising the oldest profession in Georgian London.

Have a look here »

In 1782 Pastor Charles Moritz, a young Prussian pastor, arrived in England for a seven week stay. He described his experiences in a series of letters to a friend and fortunately for us these letters have survived.

I have extracted the ‘Good Bits’ into separate pages to make it more accessible. The observations of a foreign visitor, unblinkered by a British upbringing, provide fascinating insights into England in the latter part of the 18th century.

Have a look here »

Just for fun, I have written a little widget to display a different Cant or Slang term from the Georgian period each time you load the page. You can see it up in the far left, above the menu.

You may see the occasional inscrutable result as they are taken from various dictionaries and may have something inviting you to ‘See’ which is not very useful in this context. If I have the energy I may dive into the database and try and fix these but I don't guarantee it.

After several years, I am able to make available the first volume of The Memoirs of Pascal Bonenfant - The Unfortunate Deaths of Jonathan Wild.

The book is an historical urban fantasy set in the years 1724-1725 at a time when Jonathan Wild (a real person) was the crime boss of London.

The law finally caught up with Jonathan Wild and he was hanged in May of 1725 but, three days after his execution, his body went missing.

Probably the corpse was taken by body-snatchers - Resurrection Men as they were ironically known - but I got to thinking, what if it was something else? A spot of necromancy perhaps?

This slightly Lovecraftian novel is a result of these musings. It is available in eBook format at amazon.com and I plan to make a print version available in due course.

If you would like a review copy, just email me, or you can buy one at Amazon for US$2.99 or £1.85 (click on the image on the right for a direct link).

As requested by various people, Cant - A Gentleman's Guide is now available in print format.

It looks really great and, in my humble opinion, is easier to read than the eBook as you can flip casually through the pages and spot interesting bits as you go past.

You can buy it at Amazon.com here or click on the cover image.

The perfect gift for that special rogue or roguess in your life.

Aargh, Jim lad! Hoist the parrot and feed the Jolly Roger. It's pirate time!

We tend not to think of the 18th century as being a great time for pirates and for most of it that is true. But up until 1725 there were plenty of pirates still on active duty.

Edward Teach, better known as Blackbeard, is probably the most famous but the Dread Pirate Bartholomew Roberts also rates a mention as do several of his contemporaries. The two best known female pirates - Anne Bonny and Mary Read - both belong to this period.

For your delectation therefore I present to you Pirates of the 18th Century.

Have fun.

My thanks to all those people who have bought Cant: A Gentleman's Guide. I hope you found it both interesting and edifying.

But it occurs to me that there may be people who are unable or unwilling to stump up the purchase price (US$2.99). For you, I am now making available a Free Review Copy.

The deal is: you get the free ebook but in return you promise to do an online review, preferably on Amazon or iTunes but your blog or social media are also perfectly acceptable. Let me know when it is done - I am always interested in reader feedback.

Email me via stephen at pascalbonenfant.com and let me know whether you prefer MOBI format (Kindle) or ePUB (everything else) and I will send you a copy.

My new eBook is out!

It is a fairly lighthearted look at Thieves' Cant - the language of the criminal underworld - in Georgian London. There are chapters on:

• Food
• Drink
• Money
• Medicine
• Gaming Hells
• Crime
• Beggars
• Thieves
• Death
• Imprisonment
• Sex
• and much more

Hopefully, it will entertain as well as enlighten.

My thanks to all those people who kindly read the Beta version and gave be feedback - the book is much improved as a result.

Click here for more information about the book and where you can buy it.

I have reached the stage where I found so much information in Don Manoel's account that I have put all the extracts in their own section - London in 1731. I have created the following pages:

• Index page
•   Charity Schools
•   Charterhouse School
•   Christ's Hospital School
•   College of Physicians
•   London Food and Markets
•   London Government
•   London Hospitals
•   Postal Service
•   Royal Exchange
•   Royal Society
•   St Paul's Cathedral
•   Tower of London
•   Imports and Exports
•   Westminster Abbey

This is by no means all that Don Manoel has to offer but I think I will probably stop now. You can read the whole thing for yourself at Project Gutenburg.

Browsing once again through Don Manoel Gonzales' London in 1731 I discovered some useful information on London markets and food. I've extracted it into a Food and Markets page for ease of access.

In 1866 John Timbs published a two-volume work entitled Club Life of London, subtitled With Anecdotes of the Clubs, Coffee-Houses and Taverns of the Metropolis During the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries.

It is one of those documents which switches between utterly fascinating and amazingly tedious with no discernable pattern. The word Anecdotes gives it away - some fun, some not.

I have done my usual trick of dividing it up into individual entries for each club, coffee-house and tavern. There is an Index and a Database Search

Try searching for someone you are interested in, such as Johnson, or for the name of a venue or club, such as Almack's. You can pick up quite a lot of interesting information.

Don Manoel (see previous post) also had some interesting things to say about the postal service.

He records, as well as postal charges, the days on which you could despatch mail to most of western Europe and to anywhere in Britain and Ireland. It is interesting to cross-reference the frequency of the postal service with the volume of trade.

There is an amazing amount of information in some of the original sources. While browsing through London in 1731 by Don Manoel Gonzales I came across data on imports and exports between Britain and other countries. The lists are remarkably detailed.

For your delectation I have extracted this information into a table and you can find it on the Imports and Exports page. The full text is available from Project Gutenberg.

Technically, there is no such person as Don Manoel Gonzales. There is some debate as to the real author, into which I have no desire to buy, but you can read about it in the introduction to the Gutenberg edition.

I have every intention of mining more data from this fascinating document but in the meantime check out some of the details of British trade in the early Georgian Period.

I recently discovered Kent's London Directories. They were business directories published annually between 1732 and 1828. I have found the years 1740 and 1794 available on the web (references on the directories page) and have done my usual trick of putting them into the database.

I found it extremely interesting to run comparisons between 1740 (when the Industrial Revolution had barely kicked off) and 1794 (when it was in full spate). The 1794 directory is, of course, much bigger.

As always in this period there is little value given to consistency so you need to use a bit of imagination when doing a search but I found it a lot of fun. Enjoy.

By way of an experiment, I am planning to produce several books in electronic format which relate in some way to this site. Amazon.com provides the ability for you to publish your own ebooks on their site so I am taking advantage of it.

The first is an account by Samuel Smith, Chaplain of London's Newgate Prison in the late 17th century of his conversations with fourteen Catholic prisoners before their executions. It is, in effect, the precursor of the Newgate Calendars. The account itself is, of course, in the public domain. I have cleaned up a rather poor OCR version I found on Google Books and made it available here. I have added a commentary and some historical notes which is my 'value add'.

Amazon (quite reasonably) won't let you give books away so I have put the minimum price on it (99c or 75p depending on where you are). Feel free to buy one.

An Account of the the Fourteen Late Popish Malefactors : $0.99/£0.75

I've add a list of occupations, most of which belong to the 18th century or earlier. I'm not completely sure where I got it from (I've had it a long time) but it is similar to a list from the 1891 London census.

I have removed the more obvious anachronisms such as the Daguerreotype Artists but I may have missed one or two.

If you don't know what an Antigropelos Maker is, this is your chance to find out.

I've removed WordPress from my site. I wasn't using it much anyway - just the front page and one or two others. WordPress can be a bit vulnerable to hackers and I was getting tired of removing spurious files. Also, I'm a programmer. I prefer writing raw HTML anyway for the control it gives me.

What does this mean for you? Hopefully the only change you will see is that this page will load a bit faster. You may see one or two odd results initially on a couple of pages - usually because of browser caching. A page reload will generally sort that out.

Let me know if you spot anything odd. I have a script that generates the site so it should be ok but you can never tell.

In 1735 Arthur L. Hayward published Lives of the Most Remarkable Criminals. It is in essence his own "Newgate Calendar" covering the decade from 1720 to 1730.

I have therefore added it to my Newgate Calendar collection. As usual, I have divided it up into individual stories (about 160), created an Index to the Stories and added them to the Newgate Calendar Database Search.

Well worth a look and includes such notable criminals as Jonathan Wild, the godfather of the early 18th century, and Jack Shepherd, one of the worlds great escapologists.

While researching Coaching Inns, I realised I didn’t know much about travel times and costs.

I’ve added a page with the information I have got thus far which may be of interest:

Travelling around Britain in the 18th century

As you may or may not know, William Stowe published in 1722 a list of all Coaching Inns in London, together with the available destinations and which days they were available and also the type of transport (Coach, Carrier or Wagon).

I have taken this list and turned it into an easy-to-read table and added the ability to list by Destination or by Coaching Inn. Try looking up your favourite destination to plan your trip, then see what other services leave from the same place.

Here is the link: Coaching Inns in 18th Century London.

I’ve updated my Pharmacopeia database to include three sets of data: Fuller’s Pharmacopeia Extemporanea from 1710; Buchan’s Domestic Medicine from 1769; and a few recipes from the Reverend William Twigg dating to about 1715.

You can see more details on the Pharmacopeia Index page.

I’ve finished adding subject categories to Vaux’s glossary. I thought it worth making a separate page for this one, given that it is not part of the “B.E.” group (see the discussion of sources for more details) and has an Australian connection.

You can find it here.

While I was researching the Barber-Surgeons guild as part of 18th century medicine, I came across the London Livery Companies. I had been vaguely aware of The Worshipful Companies of Mercers/Fishmongers/etc but knew very little about them.

I discovered they were responsible for regulating various trades, having grown out of the medieval guild system. They also acted as lobby groups, periodically petitioning the monarch of the day for special privileges and monopolies.

The 18th century saw most of the Worshipful Companies diminish into social and charitable organisations as the crafts they represented were taken over by machines. At the beginning of the century, however, many of them still had considerable power to regulate their crafts even if by the end of the century they were moribund.

For anyone who is interested, I have made a few notes about the Companies, together with links for anyone interested in following up further.

I’ve been doing a bit of research into 18th century medicine. Like most things in the 18th century it evolves from the end of superstition through to beginnings of science.

I’m still very much working on it but, during the course of things I found the Pharmacopeia Extemporanea, produced in English by a Thomas Fuller from an earlier Latin edition in 1710. A Pharmacopeia, in case you didn’t know, is a recipe book for medicines. As is my wont, I have divided it up and put it in a searchable database.

Have a look at the indexed version and the database search. The latter is very useful if you are interested in what particular ingredients were used for.

I haven’t linked Medicine into the rest of the site yet but help yourself to a sneak preview.

Oh yes, and I’ve done more of the interminable task of putting Thieves Cant into subject categories and have nearly finished Vaux’s glossary.

Thank you to my visitors from now 50 countries. I hadn’t realised interest in the 18th century in general and Thieves Cant in particular was so widespread. Let me know if there’s anything else you’d particularly like me to add to the site.

I’ve added a new source of cant terms from the Memoirs of James Hardy Vaux published in 1819. Vaux was an English criminal transported to New South Wales in the early 19th century. At the end of his memoirs he includes a glossary of some 700 cant terms.

Vaux’s list overlaps with the material I currently have in the database but contains quite a lot that is new. I have added Vaux to the database but not yet added them to any category. However, the terms will appear in database searches with a date of 1819.

I have also added a new page discussing the sources used which might be of interest.

Thank you to everyone who has written in with feedback and suggestions. The Vaux material is a direct outcome of a suggestion of well-known lexicographer who indicated he did not wish to be quoted but whose help has been much appreciated.

A happy new year to all.

The Newgate Calendar Database Search is now available!

I have followed a similar format to the one for Thieves’ Cant. You can search by Names, Tagline (the punchy little one-liner provided with each entry) or by the Body Text.

I’ve had a lot of fun poking around, finding stuff I never even noticed when just reading the text. Try searching for your favourite English town in the Body Text. A surprising number of the larger ones are in there.

As always, please let me know if you find any bugs or if you have any suggestions. I’m keen to make this as useful as possible.